Recent advances in spinel-type electrocatalysts for bifunctional oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions

The demand for efficient and environmentally-benign electrocatalysts that help availably harness the renewable energy resources is growing rapidly. In recent years, increasing insights into design of water electrolysers, fuel cells, metal–air batteries emerge in response to need developing sustainable carriers, which oxygen evolution reaction reduction play key roles. However, both reactions suffer from sluggish kinetics restricts reactivity. Therefore, it vital probe structure catalysts exploit high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts. Spinel-type are a class materials with advantages versatility, low toxicity, expense, high abundance, flexible ion arrangement, multivalence structure. this review, we afford basic overview spinel-type then introduce relevant theoretical principles electrocatalytic activity, following shed light on structure–property relationship strategies including electronic structure, microstructure, phase composition regulation, coupling electrically conductive supports. We elaborate between property, order provide some